Fluoride may exceed the standard in many industrial production processes such as electroplating, aluminum processing, steel manufacturing, and some natural geological environments. Excessive fluoride will cause serious harm to human health and ecological environment. For example, drinking water with excessive fluoride content for a long time may lead to diseases such as dental fluorosis and bone fluorosis, which is also toxic to aquatic organisms and affects the water ecological balance. Therefore, the effective treatment of excessive fluoride is extremely critical.
There are several common ways to deal with excessive fluoride. Chemical precipitation method is a more widely used one, by adding calcium salt (such as lime) and other chemical agents to fluorine-containing wastewater, so that fluoride ions and calcium ions combined to form insoluble calcium fluoride precipitation, thereby reducing the concentration of fluoride. This method is relatively low cost, but it will produce a large amount of sediment sludge that needs to be properly disposed of later.
The ion exchange method uses the selective adsorption and exchange of fluoride ions by ion exchange resin to remove fluoride ions from water. This method has good treatment effect and can remove fluorine in depth, but the resin regeneration process is complicated and the cost is high, and it is suitable for the occasions with high water quality and small water treatment amount.
The adsorption method uses adsorbents with high specific surface area and special adsorption properties (such as activated alumina, bone charcoal, etc.) to adsorb fluoride ions. Activated alumina has a strong adsorption capacity for fluoride ion under certain conditions, and the adsorption effect can be optimized by adjusting pH value. After adsorption saturation, the adsorbent can be recycled and reused, but the cost of the adsorbent and the regeneration cost also need to be considered comprehensively.
Membrane separation methods, such as reverse osmosis and nanofiltration, use the selective transmission principle of semi-permeable membranes to trap fluorine ions in the concentrated water side, so as to obtain low fluorine fresh water. This method has high fluoride removal efficiency and stable effluent water quality, but the equipment investment and operating costs are high, and the water quality requirements are also stricter.
When dealing with the problem of excessive fluoride, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the fluoride concentration, water quality characteristics, treatment scale, cost budget and other factors, select the appropriate treatment method or adopt a variety of methods for combined treatment, in order to achieve the cost-effective removal of fluoride, so that the treated water body meets the relevant standards and requirements, and ensure human health and ecological environment safety.
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